open
...... run a new program with
I/O connected to a file descriptorexec
...... run a new program as a
subprocessThe open
call is the same call that
is used to open a file. If the first character in the file name
argument is a "pipe" symbol (|
), then
open
will treat the rest of the
argument as a program name, and will run that program with the
standard input or output connected to a file
descriptor. This "pipe" connection can be used to read the output
from that other program or to write fresh input data to it or
both.
If the "pipe" is opened for both reading and writing you must be
aware that the pipes are buffered. The output from a puts
command will be saved in an I/O buffer until
the buffer is full, or until you execute a flush
command to force it to be transmitted to the
other program. The output of this other program will not be
available to a read
or gets
until its output buffer is filled up or
flushed explicitly.
(Note: as this is internal to this other program,
there is no way that your Tcl script can influence that. The other
program simply must cooperate. Well, that is not entirely true: the
expect
extension actually works around
this limitation by exploiting deep system features.)
The exec
call is similar to
invoking a program (or a set of programs piped together) from the
prompt in an interactive shell or a DOS-box or in a UNIX/Linux
shell script. It supports several styles of output redirection, or
it can return the output of the other program(s) as the return
value of the exec
call.
open
|
progName
?access?
progName
argument must start with the pipe symbol. If
progName
is enclosed in quotes or braces,
it can include arguments to the subprocess.exec
?switches?
arg1
?arg2?
... ?argN?
exec
treats its arguments as the
names and arguments for a set of programs to run. If the first
args
start with a "-"
, then they are treated as switches
to the exec
command, instead of being invoked as subprocesses or subprocess
options.switches
are:
-keepnewline
--
arg1
, even if it starts with a "-
"arg1
... argN
can
be one of:
exec myprog &will start the program
myprog
in the
background, and return immediately. There is no connection between
that program and the Tcl script, both can run on independently.[NOTE: add information on how to wait for the program to
finish?]
|
< fileName
fileName
.<@ fileID
fileID
. fileID
is the value returned from an open
...
"r"
command.<< value
value
as its input.> fileName
fileName
. Any previous contents of fileName
will be lost.>> fileName
fileName
.2> fileName
fileName
. Any previous
contents of fileName
will be lost.2>> fileName
fileName
.>@ fileID
fileID
. fileID
is
the value returned from an open
...
"w"
command.If you are familiar with shell programming, there are a few
differences to be aware of when you are writing Tcl scripts that
use the exec
and open
calls.
sed
command is not put
in quotes. If it were put in quotes, the quotes would be passed to
sed
, instead of being stripped off (as
the shell does), and sed
would report
an error.open
|cmd
"r+"
construct, you must
follow each puts with a flush to force Tcl to send the command from
its buffer to the program. The output from the program itself may
be buffered in its output buffer.You can sometimes force the output from the external program to
flush by sending an exit
command to
the process.
You can also use the fconfigure
command to make a connection (channel) unbuffered.
As already mentioned, expect
extension to Tcl provides a much better interface to other
programs, which in particular handles the buffering problem.
[NOTE: add good reference to expect]
open
|cmd
fails the open
does not return an error. However, attempting
to read input from the file descriptor with gets
$file
will return an
empty string. Using the gets
$file
input
construct
will return a character count of -1.exec ls *.tclwill fail - there is most probably no file with the literal name "*.tcl".
If you need such an expansion, you should use the glob
command:
eval exec ls [glob *.tcl]or, from Tcl 8.5 onwards:
exec ls {expand}[glob *.tcl]where the
{expand}
prefix is used to force
the list to become individual arguments.exec
call fails to execute, the exec
will
return an error, and the error output will include the last line
describing the error.The exec
treats any output to
standard error to be an indication that the external program
failed. This is simply a conservative assumption: many programs
behave that way and they are sloppy in setting return codes.
Some programs however write to standard error without
intending this as an indication of an error. You can guard against
this from upsetting your script by using the catch
command:
if { [catch { exec ls *.tcl } msg] } { puts "Something seems to have gone wrong but we will ignore it" }
To inspect the return code from a program and the possible
reason for failure, you can use the global errorInfo
variable:
if { [catch { exec ls *.tcl } msg] } { puts "Something seems to have gone wrong:" puts "Information about it: $::errorInfo" }
# # Write a Tcl script to get a platform-independent program: # # Create a unique (mostly) file name for a Tcl program set TMPDIR "/tmp" if { [info exists ::env(TMP)] } { set TMPDIR $::env(TMP) } set tempFileName "$TMPDIR/invert_[pid].tcl" # Open the output file, and # write the program to it set outfl [open $tempFileName w] puts $outfl { set len [gets stdin line] if {$len < 5} {exit -1} for {set i [expr {$len-1}]} {$i >= 0} {incr i -1} { append l2 [string range $line $i $i] } puts $l2 exit 0 } # Flush and close the file flush $outfl close $outfl # # Run the new Tcl script: # # Open a pipe to the program (for both reading and writing: r+) # set io [open "|[info nameofexecutable] $tempFileName" r+] # # send a string to the new program # *MUST FLUSH* puts $io "This will come back backwards." flush $io # Get the reply, and display it. set len [gets $io line] puts "To reverse: 'This will come back backwards.'" puts "Reversed is: $line" puts "The line is $len characters long" # Run the program with input defined in an exec call set invert [exec [info nameofexecutable] $tempFileName << \ "ABLE WAS I ERE I SAW ELBA"] # display the results puts "The inversion of 'ABLE WAS I ERE I SAW ELBA' is \n $invert" # Clean up file delete $tempFileName